
and titles to filter out irrelevant articles, and a third reviewer settled any conflicts. The complete search methodology and results are given in Supplemental Digital Content 1 (see Table S1, http://links.lww.com/AJT/ A224). Inclusion criteria required studies to (1) RCTs evaluating obinutuzumab plus standard therapy versus placebo plus standard therapy, (2) included adults aged 18–75 years with biopsy confirming active lupus nephritis (class III or IV, with or without Class V disease), (3) assessed at least 1 outcome related to complete kidney response, defined by a urinary protein-tocreatinine ratio ,0.5, an eGFR of at least 85% of baseline, and absence of treatment failure, rescue therapy, death or early withdrawal. Exclusion criteria included nonrandomized studies, single-arm trials, case reports, observational stu dies, and abstracts. The quality of study was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2.0). 6 Statistical analyses were performed using Revman 5.4, using mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We analyzed dichotomous outcomes, using both risk ratios (RR) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% CI to provide a comprehensive assessment of treatment effects. Two RCTs meeting the predefined inclusion criteria were included in qualitative and quantitative analyses. 3,4 These RCTs reported data from 396 patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis (obinutuzumab =198 patients, placebo = 198 patients).
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